Brilliant Idea

1.  기수 (Cardinal numbers)

• 기수는 보통의 수를 말함 / 1~0는 영문으로 표시하고 두 단어 이상이나 너무 길 경우 숫자를 쓴다. / The woman works 12 hours a day. / Some eight years later, he finally returned home. 
• Centry (세기) 는 단어로 표기 / Two other decades were printed in the fifteenth century. 
• 문장의 처음은 수로 시작하지 않는 것이 좋음 / One hundred thirty young people from Russian and 76 from Brazil arrived in Israel this week. 
• am. pm 이 붙을 경우에는 숫자로만 사용할 것 / Today the sun sets at 6 p.m./ There will be a Mass at St.Andrew's at 11am. 
• 큰단위의 기수에 hundred, thousand, million 이 쓰이나 다른 단어의 수식을 받는 경우 단수로만 사용 / We saw the creation of several hundred jobs here. / Nearly 30 million people in Africa were infected. 
• 수천, 수백 등은 예외적으로 복수로 사용 / This annual festival draws hundreds of people every spring. /It's a chance to save millions of lives. 
• 21 이상의 두 단위의 수를 풀어써야 할 때 하이픈 사용 / forty-six, two hundred and forty-five /Tom was twenty-three years old. / I was thirty-one and she was nineteen. 
• 통계 과학논문등에서는 수를 그대로 쓰는 것이 보통 / Only four major foods - nuts (43%), eggs (21%) and soy (9%) - cause most of reactions. 
• 그외의 글에서는 %를 percent 로 씀 / He can make 8 percent on his investment. 
• 매우 큰 수는 단어를 적거나 수로 표시 / four billion dollars => 4 billion dollars / 24,500,000 / 24.5 million 
• 생략된 표인인 No. 남용하지 말 것 / Parking lot No.5 / China is No.1 in exports. 

2. 서수 (Ordinal numbers) 

• 시간이나 공간적인 순서에 사용 / The first hour will be presentations. / He is the sixth-richest person in the world. 
• 단수명사 앞에 쓰이는 수는 서수가 되어야 하는 경우가 많음 / This is the fourth time he has had a car accident. /It was his third penalty miss from seven attempts. / The second hour will be in the listening lab. / She was in the twelfth grade. (단어 변환에 주의할 것 twelveth (x) / twelfth (o)) 
• 숫자를 이용한 서수의 표현 / 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 26th, 33rd, 91st... 
• 부정관사를 동반하는 경우 / We learned English as a first language. / He gave me a second chance. 
• 등위를 나타내는 경우에는 정관사 없이 쓰임 / Breast cancer is second only to thyroid cancer. / He ranked fifth palce in the event. 

3. 분수와 소수 (fraction and decimals) 

• 분자, 분모의 형태, 하이픈 / 1/2 => a half / 1/8 => a eighth / 4/5 => four-fifths 
• 분수/소수의 수의 일치 / 동사는 분수 뒤에 나오는 명사의 시제에 일치시킴 / Two thirds of the planet is water. 
• 1 이상의 분수 뒤의 명사는 복수 / This plant grows about two and a half feet tall. / About two and a half months ago, I lost my job. 
• 소수는 대개 숫자로 표현, 뒤의 명사를 복수로 표기하는 방식은 분수와 같음. / This is 1.2kilometers away from the mine site. / Koreans drink 12.3 cups of coffee a week. 

4. 무게, 높이, 크기, 넓이 (Weight, Height, Size, Width) 등 

• 길이, 높이 /It's within one or two meters. / The corridor was about twenty meters long. / The bridge was about four meters high. /His height is 5 feet 3 inches. / He is 5'3" (fall). / He is 173cm. 
• 무게 / She'd gained eleven pounds (5kg) in a month. / It's the size of a small bus and weights 3,400 kilograms (3.4tons). / The daily intake of fiber is suggested to be 30~ 40 grams. 
• 넓이, 크기 / The yard is 30 meters long and 45 meters wide. / The water tank was three meters tall and two meters wide. / The plank is 120 inches long, 15 inches wide and 5 inches thick. /The volume of this tank is roughly 11.5m3 (=cubic meters). 

<출처: 방송통신대학 영작문 II 교재>

1. 주제 (~에 관해)  : About, On, As for, As to, concerning, regarding, with regard to 등 다양하게 사용 

• About, Considering, Regarding : 주로 사용됨 / I have often thought about this problem. / I am emailing you concerining your housing needs. / We need further discussion and collaboration regarding / concerning the current issues. 
• on, as to : ~에 관해, ~에 대해로 사용 (좀더 격식) / He has many books on Japan. (일본에 관한 책) / She published several books on American history. / I was uncertain as to which course to take. (어떤 코스를 선택할 지에 대해 불확실하다.) / Please advise as to the beginning and end dates of your stay. 
• Relating / related to ~에 관련해 로 주제를 나타낼 때 사용 가능 / All questions relating to the event should be directed to Caroline. / People can use texting to ask questions related to health. 
• As for, with regard to 는 이미 논의되고 있는 주제에 주로 쓰임 / As for the house, there is some furniture in it, but not much. (그 집에 대하여.. 로 그 전에 이미 논의된 바 있는 주제임 ) / With regard to this, I will show you a few examples. 
• In regard to, with respect to 도 ~에 관해 라는 의미로 사용됨  He is very formal in regard to himself. / They differ with respect to the other factors they measure. / With respect to gas prices, the big question is this. 

2. 견해 - in one's opinion / from one's viewpoint / from one's point of view / from the standpoint of one's

• in one's opinion / In one's opinion, there is not a great deal of time left.
• From one's point of view / Try to look at the things from her poin tof view. 
• 자신의 견해 - In my opinion / view
• 내가 아는 정도를 말할 때 - as far as I am concerend, to my knowledge, as far as I know 등 사용 

3. 관점 - From a purely practical point of view (= viewpoint) 

• in terms of 는 특정 주제의 명사와 함께 사용 / This job is great in terms of salary. 
• From a purely practical point of view, this room is too small. 
• She always looks at things from a technological standpoint. 
• We should rethink the meaning of the historic event in a modern perspective view. 
• Let's look at this through a feminist lens. (페미니스트의 관점에서 보자.) 

※ in light of = becuase of 의 의미 / We cancelled the meeting in light of the tragic accident. 

<출처: 방송통신대 영작문 II 교재>

1. AS ~ 로서, ~처럼  

• as it is : 현상태로 - I think this could remain as it is. (현상태로 남아 있어야 한다고 생각해) 
• as long as : ~ 하는 한 - As long as people can communicate, there will be trades. 
• as of ~ 날짜로 - As of May 1, about 140,000 had undergone isolation at home. 

2. SO : 강조, 대용 

• so that = in order - They changed the law so that you had to carry a pass to go to the city. 
• They're so disorganized that they didn't inform me of the deadline until today. 

3. Such :  명사구가 뒤 따름 

• Such behavior is not tolereated. 
• Such ~ that 구문 - You should internalize the skill to such a degree that you don't even notice it. 
• as such : 그대로 - She will not be regarded as such. 

4. 복합전치사구 활용 

• Contrary to (반대되는) - His though was contrary to democratic principles. 
• becuase of / on account of /thanks to /due to / owing to ~ 떄문에, (덕분에) 
• far from (동떨어진) - The president made it clear the war was far from over. 
• in spite of (~에도 불구하고 ) = despite 
• instead of (~ 대신)
• on behalf of (~을 대신하여) - I am here on behalf of another client. 
• on top of (게다가) - On top of that, he had to deal with medical treatments for his son. 

5. 예 (for example, such as, as follows, including, colon, dash)

• 예 : for example - 문두 / 문장 중간에 올 경우엔 앞뒤에 쉼표 사용  - Many contries, for example, Brazil and France allow same-sex marriage. 예를 나열하는 것만으로 문장을 구성하지 말것. 
• such as : 전체적 내용을 표시하기 위해 대표적인 예 몇가지를 드는 경우에 사용. - This category includes cars such as Tesla, Chevolet and kia. 
• as follows, the following - '다음과 같다'라고 예를 드는 방식 - The new members are as follows: John, Smith, Brown, and Stewart. (= The new members include John, Smith, Brown, and Stewart) - the following 은 복수형으로 만들지 않고도 단수와 복수에 모두 쓸 수 있다. 
• including, include : His books have various themes including broadcasting, rural life and travel. His book have various themes. Examples include broadcasting, rural life, and travel. 
• 콜론 (colon) : People measure objects in three ways: length, width, and depth 
• 대시 (dash) : He attributed his longevity to two factors - exercising and not smoking. 

6. 나열 순서 

• First, Second, Third, Finally
• To begin with, Next, Then, Lastly : To begin with you will learn English. Next, you will know another culture. Then, you will be able to read great literature. Finally, you will lead a sucessful life in the future. 
• Firstly, Secondly, .. - ~ly 형을 일관되게 쓰는 것이 좋음. 
• 결론내릴 때 : To conlcude, In conclusion, ~ concludes, To summerize, To sum up, 

7. 추가 

• as well as : The shop sells books as well as newspapers. 
• In addition to : In addition to more jobs, the report recommends better housing and improved education. 
• 문장차원에서 추가 할때 : Besides, further, moreover, in addition 등을 쓸 수 있음 
• Besides : 비격식체 - Besides, I lvoe old books. / I helped her out. Besides, I wanted to meet her. 
• Moreover, Further : 격식체, what is more 와 나란히 쓰임 - Further, he has promised not to use his money. What is more, you need relatively little knowledge of either taxes or computers. 

8. 제외 

• Except  ~을 제외하고 - 가장 많이 쓰임 / The library is open every day except Monday. 
• except for 는 배타성을 강조할 때 좋음 / The family invited everyone except for Tim. / Except for the animals, he was alone in his house. 
• apart from 도 제외의 의미가 있지만, as well as 의 의미가 될 수 있음에 주의할 것 / Apart from the ending, the movie was really good. / Apart from all the work, she had financial problems. (as well as 의 의미)
• Other than 도 제외의 의미로 사용 가능 / Translation of content to languages other than English is of interest. / The beat of her pulse is throbbing, Other than that there is total silence. 
• excluding 도 제외의 의미로 사용 가능 / Highlights of the legislation include : No more than 10 percent of calories from fat excluding eggs and cheese. 

<출처: 방송통신대학 영작문 II 교재>

1. be 동사의 절제 

  - be 동사대신 다른 동사로 바꿀 것 : sound / taste / grow / feel / turn / go 

   It is / sounds reasonable. 

   The food was / tasted delicious. 

   Things changed when she was / turned seven. 

1) The butter was / went rotten. 

2) Today's lesson will be / take one and a half hours. 

3) Ms. Canterbury was sick last week, but she is / feels fine now. 

2. 같은 단어의 반복을 피함 

1) Before being admintted, they had to go through a through physical examination. 

   ==>  Before being adminitted, they had to undergo a through physical examination. 

2) It will do to do your best. 

  ==> It's good to do your best. 

3. 동의어 사용 

1) At one time or other, we all face difficulty. = adversity

2) We have to prepare for the coming crisis. = imminent

3) We would like to have a short half-hour interview with you. = conduct

4) I just finished making a book shelf. = building

4. (비)격식체 어휘의 활용 

a. 비격식체 /격식체 어휘 

  - We should help old people (격식체) / We should help the elderly / seniors. (비격식체) 

  - Her lesson began with Mozart's sonata. (격식체) / Her lesson commenced with Mozart's sonata. (비)

b. 격식의 일관성 

  - 한 문장에서 격식을 일정하게 유지하는 것이 필요함. 

c. 동사 get 의 사용 

  - 회화체에 가까운 비격식체로 다른 표현이 있을 때는 피하는 것이 좋음. 

1) It is also used in the later recovery procedures. 

   ==> It is also used in the subsequent recovery procedures. 

2) She couldn't go to school for a week. 

   ==> She has been absent from school for a week. 

3) We dined at a casual restaurant next to the marina. 

   ==> We dined at a casual restaurant adjacent to the marina. 

5. 구동사의 사용 

1) I tried to find the train times. ==> I looked up the train times. 

2) Her grandmother raised the grandson. ==> Her grandmother brought the grandson up. 

3) They have to submit their compositions tomorrow. ==> They have to hand in their cimpositions tomorrow. 

4) We'll have to delay the schedule until next month. ==> We'll have to put off the schedule until next month. 

<출처: 방송통신대학 영작문 II 교재>

1. 명사 

  - study 추상적인 배움(추상명사로 단수) vs 공부 (복수명사 가능) 

  - Guidance : 도움 지도  

  - Flashlight : 손전등 

  - Objective : 목표 

  - Neighborhood : 이웃 

  - Drawback : 약한 단점, Defect : 심각한 단점, Fault : 인간의 실수 

 1) The winners of each competition were rewards.  ==> awards

2) Everyone desires harmonization among Christians.==> harmony

3) They story involves a three-related love between a wife, a husband and her lover. ==> a love triangle

4) If we don't get back to the basic, we are lost. ==> basics

5) A viloent demonstration broke out to demand of the nullification of the Union's presdient. ==> reelection

2. 동사 

  - 부르러 가다 : bring 대신 fetch 사용

  - 약을 먹다 : eat 대신 take medicine 

  - 학교에 가다 : enter 대신 go to / attend school 

  - 향상시키다 : grow 대신 develop 

  - 셔틀을 잡다 : get 대신 catch a shuttle 

  - 직장을 찾다 : get a job 은 직장이 생기다의 뜻, find a job 이 직장을 찾다의 의미 

  - 메세지를 전달하다 : Deliver a message 

  - 어떤 사실을 알게되었을 때 : Know 대신 Learned 를 쓰는 것이 자연스럽다. 

  - 기억하다 : remember 보다 recoginize (인식하다) 가 더 적당하다. (ex. Viewers often recognize some professors from by their frequent appearance on the TV Screen.) 

  - 스트레스를 없앤다 : reduce / get rid of stress 라고 쓰는 것이 좋다. (remove (x) ) 

  - 회의를 열다 : held meetings (open (x))

  - 시민권을 취득하다 : acquire Canadian citizenship. (possess(x))

  - 고통을 느끼다 : undergo (receive(x))

  - 시험에서 떨어뜨리는 것 : disqualify  (drop(x)) 

  - 자신의 입장을 말하다 : state 

  - 잠못자게 하다 : keep me sleepless 가 자연스럽다. (make me sleepless 는 어색)

1) In the dar, one cannot look well.  ==> see 

2) The board does not have to accept the advice of its advisory committees. ==> follow

3) It will fade the value of the historic event. ==> diminish

4) The boys picked up feathers from the hen. ==> plucked 

5) He tried to resemble the successful men. ==> emulate

6) I am looking at television. ==> watching

7) The crash made more than 15 people injured. ==> left

8) We should extract a resonable conclusion.==> reach

9) We must discover ways to make a peaceful society.  ==> create

10) According to the strict regulations of the new building, workers have to hand in their identification card.  ==> show

3. 형용사 

  - 아이스커피 : iced coffee 

  - 적절한 가격 : resonable price 

  - available 은 구체적인 대상, possible 은 추상적인 대상 

  - early age 어린 나이 

  - enclosed (막힌) coffee shop 

  - 과거분사는 수동, 현재분사는 능동의 의미로 사용 

1) In Korea the sky is high in the fall. ==> clear

2) These days many university graduates cannot find appropriate jobs.==> adequate

3) The woman looked gracious. ==> graceful

4) I got completely confusing with my dates. ==> confused

5) The worst is when my children look boring. ==> bored

4. 부사

  - 잘 기르다 : bring up well

  - 떨어져 살다 : liver apart 

1) I'm quite sure we'll win. 

2) We saw him teach with great passion.

3) People are losing their jobs at an earlier age. 

4) He broke the vase into pieces. 

<출처: 방송통신대학 교재 영작문 II>

1. 동사 + 명사 

1) The meeting took place in the early morning.

2) The teacher should not make a decision without listening to the explanation of the student first.

3) Terrorists took advantage of the bad weather last week. 

4) Clean your room, do your homework, and eat your vegetables. 

2. 형용사 + 명사

짝이 맞는 형용사 + 명사 

1) A more powerful storm will bring heavey snow.

2) There's a big difference between knowing him and being friends with him.

3) this is a great opportunity to win $500.

4) Both groups produce a satistically significant number of samples. 

3. 전치사 

1) It is all the same to me.

2) There's something wrong with this picture. 

3) I don't want my family involved in the political debate.

4) You don't have to worry about parking.

5) We need to be aware of mental illness.

6) Text messages sometimes arrive days later for some reason.

7) Tax cuts aimed at interesting investment by small businesses. 

8) Most people I know are not happy with this result.

9) I'm baffled by your lack of understanding.

10) I don't want to deprive him of the Internet.

11) A good financial setup will help you to get your present debt under control.

12) She was very angry at John because of his behavior.

13) His work has focused on the economic impacts of the current crisis. 

< 출처: 방송통신대 영작문 II 교재 >

모호성의 제거 

a. 대명사가 가리키는 것이 모호항 경우 

  - Although the car hit the street lamp, it was not damaged. (it은, 차도, 가로등도 될수 있음) 

   ==> The car wasn't damaged when it hit the street lamp. 

b. 가리키는 대상이 불명확한 어휘는 피할 것 

  - The exercise today is more difficult than yesterday. (exercise 라고만 하면 불확실)

  ==> The workout session today is more difficult than yesterday. 

1) I hope you find an eligible one ==> I hope you find an eligible candidate. 

2) Koreans still do not comprehend the seriousness of the thing. ==> Koreans still do not comprehend the seriousness of the matter. 

성차별적인 언어에 주의 

1. 성차별 대명사의 문제 : 남성과 여성을 다 가리킬 수 있는 명사를 대명사로 받을 경우 3인칭 단수형에만 남성, 여성의 구분이 있으므로 이를 해소하는 방법을 강구해야 한다. 

a. 복수명사로 교체하면 단수명사가 와서 his를 써야하는 문제가 사라짐 

  - A singer must protect his voice. ==> Singers must protect their voice. 

  - A good writer is evaluated by his character ==> Good writers are evaluated by their character. 

b. 남성, 대명사 대신 his 또는 her 사용 

  - Each employee is given the information to do his or her job. 

c. everyone, anyone, someone 등은 경우에 따라 단수나 복수형으로 받음 

  - Someone will lose his/her property in that siuation. 

  - If anyone would like more information about the school, he/she/they can contact me. 

d. one은 소유격형으로 one's 나 his/her사용. 

  - One should obey one's /his / her parents. 

e. 대명사가 필요없는 문장으로 재구성 

  - Every player must train very hard if he wants to be a world champion. ==> To be a world champion, a player must train very hard. 

1) A student has to hand in his paper today. ==> Students have to hand in their papers today. 

2) One should choose his major carefully ==> We should choose our majority carefully. 

3) He has a large vehicle which will accommodate everyone and his luggage. ==> He has a large vehicle which will accommodate everyone and their luggage. 

2. 성차별어 

a. x-man 단어들 - 중립적인 느낌~ 

1) A young fireman climbed the long ladder. ==> firefighter

2) Pat works for the FBI and teaches policemen. ==> police officers

3) Could you get our waitress? ==> server

복합어의 활용 (Making use of compounds) 

1. 간편한 복합어의 사용 

  - a break time for lunch ==> a lunch break 

  - I closed the door of the car. ==> I closed the car door. 

  - We have to call a technician who can repair TV ==> We have to call a TV repair man. 

1) She is preparing for a test of TOEFL. ==> She is preparing for a TOEFL test. 

2) I always forget where I put the key of my car. ==> I always forget where I put my car key. 

3) We have to find a route that is shorter than other ones. ==> We have to find a short cut.

2. 복합어의 무분별한 사용 회피

  - English study is my favorite holiday ==> Studying English is my favorite hobby. 

  - The book price is more than fifty dollars ==> The price of the book is more than fifty dolloars. 

  - The red car driver was identified as Kim. ==> The driver of the red car was identified as Kim. 

1) My study field is divided into two parts. ==> My field of study is divided into two parts.

2) Central Library construction has been delayed. ==> The construction of the Central Library has been delayed. 

3. 복합어 내부명사의 복수사용 금지 

  - 복수어의 복수어미는 마지막에만 붙일 것

  - 복수형으로 쓰이는 명사에도 적용됨 (Shoes market ==> shoe markets, shoes designers ==> shoe desingers

1) I like to go to the bookstore and look at magazine. (booksstore 가 아니고 bookstore로 쓸것)

2) I didn't know they were mountains climbers. ==> mountain climers

3) I left the shoes store quickly without a purchase ==> shoe store

4) They realized that arm control would be a necessity. ==> arms control 

4. 하이픈으로 연결해야 하는 복합어의 사용 주의

  - 수가 포함된 복합어 : 반드시 하이픈을 사용, 수 다음의 명사를 복수로 하지 않음 

  - a 20-minute cruise / the 10-year plan / a 61-year-old woman / his 6-year-old niece

1) The students went to after-school training institutions. 

2) The three-story apartment building collapsed instantly. 

3) He took care of his 6-year-old niece. 

<출처: 방송통신대학 영작문 II 교재>

부사의 위치 

a. 자동사의 경우 부사는 동사 뒤, 타동사에서는 동사 앞, 문장의 마지막에 위치하는 경우도 많음 

   - We walked quickly to get there. (자동사 walked 뒤에 위치)

  - The teacher quickly gathered the children. (타동사 gathered 앞에 위치)

b. 형용사나 분사형을 수식할 때 수식대상 앞에 부사 위치  

  - The text is deliberately meant to be dramatic and unusual.

  - The vase has brightly colored flowers. 

c. 강조의 의미를 나타내는 부사들 

  - You can reach out to customers at almost no cost. 

  - So far the school has employed only a few more workers. 

  - Tell me what exactly they want to know from me. 

 d. 시간의 just, recently 는 빈도부사 always, usually, often, sometimes, never 와 같은 위치를 차지

  - I recently bought a webcam. 

  - They have just make a decision. 

1) He quickly realized that the should not be in the place. 

2) He guessed my age correctly. 

3) She recenly returned from a holiday in Europe. 

<출처: 방송통신대학 영작문 II 교재>